Omicron has 'substantial' ability to evade immunity from previous COVID infection

Omicron has a “substantial” ability to evade immunity from a previous COVID infection, according to the first real-world study of the variant’s effect.

The finding suggests the new variant could cause a substantial wave of infections, even in populations with high levels of antibodies.

Researchers at the South Africa’s National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) warn their finding has important public health implications.

They add: “Urgent questions remain regarding whether Omicron is also able to evade vaccine-induced immunity and the potential implications of reduced immunity to infection on protection against severe disease and death.”

The scientists looked at almost 2.8 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in South Africa since March 2020 and found 35,670 were reinfections.

The risk of a reinfection was lower in the Beta and Delta waves than the first surge of cases in March 2020 that was caused by the Wuhan strain of the virus.

But significantly they found the risk of reinfection in the current Omicron wave is 2.4 times higher than in the first wave.

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The results have been published as a pre-print on the MedRxiv server and have not been peer reviewed.

The researchers say: “We find evidence of a substantial and ongoing increase in the risk of reinfection that is temporally consistent with the timing of the emergence of the Omicron variant in South Africa, suggesting that its selection advantage is at least partially driven by an increased ability to infect previously infected individuals.

“Immune escape from prior infection, whether or not Omicron can also evade vaccine derived immunity, has important implications for public health globally.”

Although only around a quarter of the population in South Africa is fully vaccinated, immunity from natural infection is high because the country has had several large waves of COVID.

We now have the first strong insight to what’s driving Omicron’s rise in South Africa. And it has worrying implications for the rest of the world.

Scientists have been puzzling over the real-world effect of the variant’s constellation of mutations.

Some predicted that our antibodies may not be good enough to prevent infection. And this shows that is indeed the case.

A reinfection rate more than twice as high as in the first wave with the original Wuhan virus is quite astonishing – particularly when you consider that the Beta and Delta variants didn’t have that biological superpower.

So Omicron can spread, even in a population with very high levels of natural immunity.

Although the variant doesn’t seem to be more inherently transmissible than Delta. The effect of reinfections on the current wave in South Africa will be much the same.

The big question now is what happens in a population, like the UK’s, where vaccination rates are high.

Research by the National Institutes of Health in the US has shown that antibodies produced by COVID vaccines are more likely to recognise variations in the virus spike protein than those generated by natural immunity.

That could mean people who are fully vaccinated – and boosted – may still be able shrug off Omicron.

But it could be weeks before we know that for sure.

Earlier, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said it will deploy a surge team to South Africa to help deal with the variant outbreak.

The team will be sent to Gauteng province to help with surveillance and contact tracing.

However, Barry Schoub, chair of the South African government’s committee on COVID vaccines, told Sky News initial signs were “good news”.

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“Certainly, at this stage, the news does look to be promising – the great majority of the breakthrough infection (in other words, individuals that have had infection despite vaccination) is mild.

“Our hospital surveillance is showing a little bit of an uptick but certainly nothing as dramatic as we’ve seen in the previous waves.”

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