A cyber espionage group from China masqueraded as Iranian hackers while breaking into and spying on Israeli government institutions, according to a new report by security researchers.

The report from security company FireEye, which unmasked the group alongside Israeli defence agencies, says there is insufficient evidence to link the espionage group to the Chinese state.

However, the company’s threat analysts are confident that the espionage group is Chinese and that its targets “are of great interest to Beijing’s financial, diplomatic, and strategic objectives”.

The hackers’ attempt to conceal their nationality was “a little bit unusual”, according to Jens Monrad, who heads the work of FireEye’s threat intelligence and incident response division Mandiant in EMEA.

“We have seen historically a few false flag attempts. We saw one during the Olympics in South Korea,” he told Sky News, referencing Russian hackers pretending to be Chinese and North Korean.

“There might be several reasons why a threat actor wants to do a false flag – obviously it makes the analysis a bit more complex,” Mr Monrad told Sky News.

The report focused on cyber spying targeting Israeli government institutions, IT providers, and telecommunications entities, but the group had additionally attempted to hack computer networks in the UAE and elsewhere.

Mr Monrad said the attempt to conceal the hackers’ identity “wasn’t very clever” but did slow the company’s analysis of these incidents, which he added may have been the goal.

The Chinese group attempted to use Farsi in the parts of code which could be recovered by incident response teams, and also used hacking tools associated with Iranian groups that had previously been leaked online.

However, linguistic analysts at FireEye said the terms chosen by the group wouldn’t have been used by native Farsi speakers.

“The use of Farsi strings, filepaths containing /Iran/, and web shells publicly associated with Iranian APT [Advanced Persistent Threat] groups may have been intended to mislead analysts and suggest an attribution to Iran,” the report said.

FireEye said that although this group and the known state-sponsored group designated APT 27 had some overlaps, particularly in their targets, the company could only have low confidence in linking them together.

The Iranian government accused APT 27 of hacking into its networks in 2019.

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Though the report was published this week, the hacking activities precede a warning in July from President Joe Biden about the growing likelihood of the US ending up in “a real shooting war with a major power” as a result of a cyber attack.

Speaking to Sky News previously – following then British defence secretary Gavin Williamson claiming that Moscow could cause “thousands and thousands and thousands” of deaths in the UK with a cyber attack – Mr Monrad cautioned that military responses to such an attack would requite a “very high certainty of attribution”.

The new group, designated UNC 215 – meaning it is unclassified as either a state-sponsored group or one operating independently – also used the Hindi language and Arabic when targeting Uzbekistan.

FireEye’s report stated: “This cyber espionage activity is happening against the backdrop of China’s multi-billion-dollar investments related to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its interest in Israel’s robust technology sector.

“China has conducted numerous intrusion campaigns along the BRI route to monitor potential obstructions [including] political, economic, and security,” the company said, adding that it anticipates China will “continue targeting governments and organisations involved in these critical infrastructure projects”.

The report follows the UK and allies accusing China of “systematic cyber sabotage” following an espionage operation earlier this year which also allowed criminals, potentially including those which Beijing used as contractors, to access the affected servers.

At the time, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian said: “The US ganged up with its allies and launched an unwarranted accusation against China on cybersecurity. It is purely a smear and suppression out of political motives. China will never accept this.”

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